Following Britain’s victory in the 1865 Duar War, Britain and Bhutan signed the Treaty of Sinchulu, under which Bhutan would receive an annual subsidy in exchange for ceding land to British India. Ugyen WANGCHUCK - who had served as the de facto ruler of an increasingly unified Bhutan and had improved relations with the British toward the end of the 19th century - was named king in 1907. Three years later, a treaty was signed whereby the British agreed not to interfere in Bhutanese internal affairs, and Bhutan allowed Britain to direct its foreign affairs. Bhutan negotiated a similar arrangement with independent India after 1947. Two years later, a formal Indo-Bhutanese accord returned to Bhutan a small piece of the territory annexed by the British, formalized the annual subsidies the country received, and defined India's responsibilities in defense and foreign relations. Under a succession of modernizing monarchs beginning in the 1950s, Bhutan joined the UN in 1971 and slowly continued its engagement beyond its borders.
In March 2005, King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK unveiled the government's draft constitution - which introduced major democratic reforms - and held a national referendum for its approval. In December 2006, the King abdicated the throne in favor of his son, Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK. In early 2007, India and Bhutan renegotiated their treaty, eliminating the clause that stated that Bhutan would be "guided by" India in conducting its foreign policy, although Thimphu continues to coordinate closely with New Delhi. Elections for seating the country's first parliament were completed in March 2008; the king ratified the country's first constitution in July 2008. Bhutan experienced a peaceful turnover of power following parliamentary elections in 2013, which resulted in the defeat of the incumbent party. The disposition of some 18,000 refugees of the roughly 100,000 who fled or were forced out of Bhutan in the 1990s - and who are housed in two UN refugee camps in Nepal - remains unresolved.
Southern Asia, between China and India
27 30 N, 90 30 E
Asia
total: 38,394 sq km
land: 38,394 sq km
water: 0 sq km
about one-half the size of Indiana
total: 1,136 km
border countries (2): China 477 km, India 659 km
0 km (landlocked)
none (landlocked)
varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas
mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna
mean elevation: 2,220 m
elevation extremes: lowest point: Drangeme Chhu 97 m
highest point: Gangkar Puensum 7,570 m
timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbonate
agricultural land: 13.6%
arable land 2.6%; permanent crops 0.3%; permanent pasture 10.7%
forest: 85.5%
other: 0.9% (2011 est.)
320 sq km (2012)
violent storms from the Himalayas are the source of the country's Bhutanese name, which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season
soil erosion; limited access to potable water
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls several key Himalayan mountain passes
65.6% (2010)
750,125 (July 2016 est.)
noun: Bhutanese (singular and plural)
adjective: Bhutanese
Ngalop (also known as Bhote) 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas - one of several Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15%
Sharchhopka 28%, Dzongkha (official) 24%, Lhotshamkha 22%, other 26% (includes foreign languages) (2005 est.)
Lamaistic Buddhist 75.3%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism 22.1%, other 2.6% (2005 est.)
0-14 years: 26.27% (male 100,672/female 96,368)
15-24 years: 19.21% (male 73,398/female 70,704)
25-54 years: 42.39% (male 169,079/female 148,873)
55-64 years: 5.94% (male 23,869/female 20,656)
65 years and over: 6.2% (male 24,301/female 22,205) (2016 est.)
total dependency ratio: 46.9%
youth dependency ratio: 39.5%
elderly dependency ratio: 7.4%
potential support ratio: 13.4% (2015 est.)
total: 27.2 years
male: 27.7 years
female: 26.6 years (2016 est.)
1.09% (2016 est.)
17.5 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)
6.6 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)
urban population: 38.6% of total population (2015)
rate of urbanization: 3.69% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
THIMPHU (capital) 152,000 (2014)
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.14 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1.16 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.1 male(s)/female
total population: 1.09 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
total number: 25,801
percentage: 18% (2010 est.)
148 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
total: 33.9 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 34.2 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 33.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)
total population: 70.1 years
male: 69.1 years
female: 71.1 years (2016 est.)
1.93 children born/woman (2016 est.)
3.6% of GDP (2014)
0.26 physicians/1,000 population (2012)
1.8 beds/1,000 population (2012)
improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
unimproved:
urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2015 est.)
improved:
urban: 77.9% of population
rural: 33.1% of population
total: 50.4% of population
unimproved:
urban: 22.1% of population
rural: 66.9% of population
total: 49.6% of population (2015 est.)
0.13% (2013 est.)
600 (2013 est.)
NA
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever (2016)
5.9% (2014)
12.8% (2010)
7.4% of GDP (2015)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 64.9%
male: 73.1%
female: 55% (2015 est.)
total: 13 years
male: 12 years
female: 13 years (2013)
total: 9.6%
male: 9.2%
female: 9.9% (2013 est.)
conventional long form: Kingdom of Bhutan
conventional short form: Bhutan
local long form: Druk Gyalkhap
local short form: Druk Yul
etymology: named after the Bhotia, the ethnic Tibetans who migrated from Tibet to Bhutan; Bod is the Tibetan name for their land; the Bhutanese name "Druk Yul" means "Land of the Thunder Dragon"
constitutional monarchy
name: Thimphu
geographic coordinates: 27 28 N, 89 38 E
time difference: UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
20 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang, Daga, Gasa, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi, Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Tashi Yangtse, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang
17 December 1907 (became a unified kingdom under its first hereditary king)
National Day (Ugyen WANGCHUCK became first hereditary king), 17 December (1907)
previous governing documents were various royal decrees; first constitution drafted November 2001 - March 2005, ratified 18 July 2008; amended 2011 (2016)
civil law based on Buddhist religious law
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: the father must be a citizen of Bhutan
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years
18 years of age; universal
chief of state: King Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK (since 14 December 2006); note - King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK abdicated the throne on 14 December 2006 to his son
head of government: Prime Minister Tshering TOBGAY (since July 2013)
cabinet: Council of Ministers or Lhengye Zhungtshog members nominated by the monarch in consultation with the prime minister and approved by the National Assembly; members serve 5-year terms
elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary but can be removed by a two-third vote of Parliament; leader of the majority party in Parliament is nominated as the prime minister, appointed by the monarch
description: bicameral Parliament or Chi Tshog consists of the non-partisan National Council or Gyelyong Tshogde (25 seats; 20 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 5 members appointed by the king; members serve 5-year terms) and the National Assembly or Tshogdu (47 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)
elections: National Council election last held on 23 April 2013 (next to be held in 2018); National Assembly election first round held on 31 May 2013 and second round on 13 July 2013
election results: National Council - seats by party - independent 20 (all candidates required to run as independents; National Assembly - first round - percent of vote by party - DPT 44.5%; PDP 32.5%; DNT 17.0%; DCT 5.9%; second round - percent of vote by party - PDP 54.9%, DPT 45.1%; seats by party - PDP 32, DPT 15
highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of 5 justices including the chief justice); note - the Supreme Court has sole jurisdiction in constitutional matters
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the monarch upon the advice of the National Judicial Commission, a 4-member body to include the Legislative Committee of the National Assembly, the attorney general, the Chief Justice of Bhutan and the senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court; other judges (drangpons) appointed by the monarch from among the High Court judges selected by the National Judicial Commission; chief justice serves a 5-year term or until reaching age 65 years, whichever is earlier; the 4 other judges serve 10-year terms or until age 65, whichever is earlier
subordinate courts: High Court (first appellate court); District or Dzongkhag Courts; sub-district or Dungkhag Courts
Bhutan Kuen-Nyam Party or BKP [Sonam TOBGAY]
Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party (Druk Phuensum Tshogpa) or DPT [Pema GYAMTSHO]
Druck Chirwang Tshogpa or DCT
Druk Nymrub Tshogpa or DNT
People's Democratic Party or PDP [Tshering TOBGAY]
Druk National Congress (exiled)
United Front for Democracy (exiled)
other: Buddhist clergy; ethnic Nepali-Bhutanese organizations (exiled)
ADB, BIMSTEC, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
none; note - the Permanent Mission to the UN for Bhutan has consular jurisdiction in the US; the permanent representative to the UN is Kunzang C. NAMGYEL (since February 2014); address: 343 East 43rd Street, New York, NY 10017; telephone [1] (212) 682-2268; FAX [1] (212) 661-0551
consulate(s) general: New York
the US and Bhutan have no formal diplomatic relations, although frequent informal contact is maintained via the US embassy in New Delhi (India) and Bhutan's Permanent Mission to the UN
divided diagonally from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side; the dragon, called the Druk (Thunder Dragon), is the emblem of the nation; its white color stands for purity and the jewels in its claws symbolize wealth; the background colors represent spiritual and secular powers within Bhutan: the orange is associated with Buddhism, while the yellow denotes the ruling dynasty
thunder dragon known as Druk Gyalpo; national colors: orange, yellow
name: "Druk tsendhen" (The Thunder Dragon Kingdom)
lyrics/music: Gyaldun Dasho Thinley DORJI/Aku TONGMI
note: adopted 1953
$2.085 billion (2015 est.)
Bhutan's economy, small and less developed, is based largely on hydropower, agriculture, and forestry, which provide the main livelihood for more than half of the population. Because rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and
Multilateral development organizations administer most educational, social, and environment programs, and take into account the government's desire to protect the country's environment and cultural traditions. For example, the government, in its cautious
Bhutan’s largest export - hydropower to India - could spur sustainable growth in the coming years if Bhutan resolves chronic delays in construction. Bhutan currently taps only 5% of its 30,000-megawatt hydropower potential and is behind schedule in buildi
$6.432 billion (2016 est.)
$6.066 billion (2015 est.)
$5.766 billion (2014 est.)
note: data are in 2016 dollars
6% (2016 est.)
5.2% (2015 est.)
3.8% (2014 est.)
$8,100 (2016 est.)
$7,800 (2015 est.)
$7,500 (2014 est.)
note: data are in 2016 dollars
37.1% of GDP (2016 est.)
31.6% of GDP (2015 est.)
35% of GDP (2014 est.)
household consumption: 53.4%
government consumption: 18.7%
investment in fixed capital: 64.3%
investment in inventories: 0%
exports of goods and services: 42.4%
imports of goods and services: -78.8% (2016 est.)
agriculture: 16.4%
industry: 42.1%
services: 41.5% (2016 est.)
rice, corn, root crops, citrus; dairy products, eggs
cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium carbide, tourism
6.5% (2016 est.)
348,800
note: major shortage of skilled labor (2015 est.)
agriculture: 57%
industry: 21%
services: 22% (2014 est.)
2.6% (2014 est.)
2.9% (2013 est.)
12% (2012 est.)
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 30.6% (2012)
38.7 (2012)
38.1 (2007)
revenues: $640.4 million
expenditures: $703.3 million
note: the government of India finances nearly one-quarter of Bhutan's budget expenditures (2016 est.)
30.7% of GDP (2016 est.)
-3% of GDP (2016 est.)
30% of GDP (2016 est.)
27.3% of GDP (2015 est.)
1 July - 30 June
2.9% (2016 est.)
4.5% (2015 est.)
NA%
13.7% (31 December 2016 est.)
13.75% (31 December 2015 est.)
$710.3 million (31 December 2016 est.)
$669.9 million (31 December 2015 est.)
$1.25 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
$1.174 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
$929.6 million (31 December 2016 est.)
$1.031 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
$320 million (31 December 2013)
$283.4 million (31 December 2012)
-$579 million (2016 est.)
-$581 million (2015 est.)
$500 million (2016 est.)
$580.3 million (2015 est.)
electricity (to India), ferrosilicon, cement, calcium carbide, copper wire, manganese, vegetable oil
India 83.8%, Hong Kong 10.8% (2013 est.)
$1.1 billion (2016 est.)
$997 million (2015 est.)
fuel and lubricants, passenger cars, machinery and parts, fabrics, rice
India 72.3%, South Korea 6% (2013 est.)
$2.261 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
$1.911 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
$267.1 million (31 December 2016 est.)
$238 million (31 December 2015 est.)
ngultrum (BTN) per US dollar -
68.39 (2016 est.)
64.15 (2015 est.)
64.15 (2014 est.)
61.03 (2013 est.)
53.44 (2012 est.)
population without electricity: 187,531
electrification - total population: 76%
electrification - urban areas: 100%
electrification - rural areas: 53% (2012)
7.2 billion kWh (2014 est.)
2.085 billion kWh (2014 est.)
5.147 billion kWh (2014 est.)
200 million kWh (2014 est.)
1.499 million kW (2014 est.)
0.7% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
0% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
99.3% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
0% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
0 bbl (1 January 2016 es)
0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
3,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)
0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
3,135 bbl/day (2013 est.)
0 cu m (2013 est.)
0 cu m (2013 est.)
0 cu m (2013 est.)
0 cu m (2013 est.)
0 cu m (1 January 2014 es)
300,000 Mt (2013 est.)
total subscriptions: 21,811
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3 (July 2015 est.)
total: 676,000
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 91 (July 2015 est.)
general assessment: urban towns and district headquarters have telecommunications services
domestic: domestic service inadequate, especially in rural areas; mobile-cellular service, begun in 2003, is now widely available
international: country code - 975; international telephone and telegraph service via landline and microwave relay through India; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (2015)
state-owned TV station established in 1999; cable TV service offers dozens of Indian and other international channels; first radio station, privately launched in 1973, is now state-owned; 5 private radio stations are currently broadcasting (2012)
.bt
total: 295,000
percent of population: 39.8% (July 2015 est.)
number of registered air carriers: 2
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 6
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 162,864
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 538,041 mt-km (2015)
A5 (2016)
2 (2013)
total: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2013)
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2012)
total: 10,578 km
paved: 2,975 km (includes 2,180 km of natonal highways)
unpaved: 7,603 km (2013)
Royal Bhutan Army (includes Royal Bodyguard and Royal Bhutan Police) (2009)
18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; militia training is compulsory for males aged 20-25, over a 3-year period (2012)
lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes arising from substantial cartographic discrepancies, the largest of which lie in Bhutan's northwest and along the Chumbi salient
