Introduction

Background

The US took formal possession of the islands in 1867. The laying of the trans-Pacific cable, which passed through the islands, brought the first residents in 1903. Between 1935 and 1947, Midway was used as a refueling stop for trans-Pacific flights. The US naval victory over a Japanese fleet off Midway in 1942 was one of the turning points of World War II. The islands continued to serve as a naval station until closed in 1993. Today the islands are a US National Wildlife Refuge. From 1996 to 2002 and 2008 to 2012 the refuge was open to the public, but it is now closed.


Geography

Location

Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, about one-third of the way from Honolulu to Tokyo

Geographic coordinates

28 12 N, 177 22 W

Map references

Oceania

Area

total: 6.2 sq km
land: 6.2 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Eastern Island, Sand Island, and Spit Island

Area - comparative

about nine times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries

0 km

Coastline

15 km

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate

subtropical; moderated by prevailing easterly winds

Terrain

low, nearly flat

Elevation

mean elevation: NA
elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 13 m

Natural resources

wildlife, terrestrial and aquatic

Land use

agricultural land: 0%
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; permanent pasture 0%
forest: 0%
other: 100% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land

0 sq km (2012)

Natural hazards

NA

Environment - current issues

NA

Geography - note

the coral atoll is managed as a national wildlife refuge and was open to the public for ecotourism from 1996 to 2002 and then again from 2008 to 2012; in 2000, the lands and waters of the Midway National Wildlife Refuge were also designated as the Battle of Midway National Monument; Henderson Airfield on Sand Island continues to serve as an emergency landing field for military and civilian aircraft transiting the Pacific Ocean (2016)


People and Society

Population

no indigenous inhabitants; approximately 40 people make up the staff of US Fish and Wildlife Service and their services contractor living at the atoll (July 2014 est.)


Government

Country name

conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Midway Islands
etymology: originally named the Middlebrook Islands after the US captain who discovered them in 1859; the name became Midway later in the 19th century and reflects the islands' position in the North Pacific Ocean roughly equidistant between North America and Asia

Dependency status

unincorporated territory of the US; formerly administered from Washington, DC, by the US Navy; on 31 October 1996, through a presidential executive order, the jurisdiction and control of the atoll was transferred to the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System

Legal system

the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Citizenship

see United States

Flag description

the flag of the US is used


Economy


Energy


Communications


Transportation

Airports - with paved runways

total: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2013)

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s): Sand Island

Transportation - note

Henderson Field on Sand Island serves as an emergency landing site for aircraft crossing the Pacific Ocean


Military

Military - note

defense is the responsibility of the US


Transnational Issues

Disputes - international

none