Introduction

Background

Both the US and the Kingdom of Hawaii annexed Johnston Atoll in 1858, but it was the US that mined the guano deposits until the late 1880s. Johnston Island and Sand Island were designated wildlife refuges in 1926. The US Navy took over the atoll in 1934, and subsequently the US Air Force assumed control in 1948. The site was used for high-altitude nuclear tests in the 1950s and 1960s, and until late in 2000 the atoll was maintained as a storage and disposal site for chemical weapons. Cleanup and closure of the weapons facility ended in May 2005.


Geography

Location

Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean 717 nm (1328 km) southwest of Honolulu, Hawaii, about one-third of the way from Hawaii to the Marshall Islands

Geographic coordinates

16 45 N, 169 31 W

Map references

Oceania

Area

total: 2.63 sq km
land: 2.63 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative

about 4.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries

0 km

Coastline

34 km

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate

tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain

mostly flat

Natural resources

guano deposits (worked until about 1890), terrestrial and aquatic wildlife

Natural hazards

NA

Environment - current issues

no natural fresh water resources

Geography - note

strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean; Johnston Island and Sand Island are natural islands, which have been expanded by coral dredging; North Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina) are manmade islands formed from coral dredging; the egg-shaped reef is 34 km in circumference; closed to the public; a former US nuclear weapons test site; site of now-closed Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS); most facilities dismantled and cleanup complete in 2004; some low-growing vegetation


People and Society

Population

uninhabited
note: in previous years, there was an average of 1,100 US military and civilian contractor personnel present; as of September 2001, population had decreased significantly when US Army Chemical Activity Pacific (USACAP) departed; as of May 2005 all US Government personnel had left the island


Government

Country name

conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Johnston Atoll
etymology: although first encountered in 1796, the islands were named after Captain Charles JOHNSTON who sighted them in 1807

Dependency status

unincorporated territory of the US; administered from Honolulu, Hawaii, by Pacific Air Forces, Hickam Air Force Base, and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge system

Legal system

the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Flag description

the flag of the US is used


Economy


Energy


Communications


Transportation

Airports - with paved runways

total: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2013)

Ports and terminals

Johnston Island


Military

Military - note

defense is the responsibility of the US


Transnational Issues

Disputes - international

none